Subject to assessment approval, petroleum ex- waters and sandy beaches are important roosting, ploration would be permitted within general use and breeding and feeding sites for a number of species of special purpose zones of marine parks, and in marine seabirds.
A 20 km long system of fringing coral reefs lies to the west of the Montebello Islands. Turf algae and seagrass are also present in patches on the The petroleum industry in Australia accepts that reef interspersed with sand and limestone rock.
These conditions may be based on misdirected public A number of shipwrecks of historical interest are perception and an over-estimation of the potential risk located in the vicinity of the Montebello Islands. Dampier in The Wonnich appraisal drilling In and , three British nuclear weapon tests program set a precedent for the oil and gas industry in were conducted on and near the Montebello Islands.
Western Australia due to the proximity of the wells to Due to this atomic testing, public access to the islands sensitive marine resources of high conservation value. The area is also subject to various pe- km west of Dampier, WA. North of the Lowendal troleum exploration permits and leases. The islands and the adjacent waters in proximity to sensitive areas. The EPA set the environmental the adjacent resources. The risk assessment technique assessment of Wonnich-1 at a formal level Consul- provided the Government an objective means of tative Environmental Review , one reason being due identifying the risks and developing risk reduction to its proximity to the west-fringing reef 3 km dis- measures rather than simply excluding the operation.
The Wonnich wells were also subject to the most Wonnich-1 was drilled without incident and result- stringent conditions ever imposed on a drilling pro- ed in a hydrocarbon discovery in the Flag Sandstone gram by the Government and were instrumental in Formation.
The proposal was to drill these two wells from the same Risk assessment approach surface location situated 2 km to the east of Wonnich- 1. This location was only 1 km from the west-fringing Quantitative environmental risk assessment is a reef and some 6 km from Hermite Island, one of the relatively new, still-developing technique, but is rap- largest islands. One appraisal well was to be a vertical idly becoming an important component of the as- well, while the other was to be a directional well ex- sessment process for the oil and gas industry in tending nearly a kilometre to the west and ending Western Australia.
Although referred to as quantitative risk as- mal level of assessment for the Wonnich-2 and-3 ap- sessment, the assessment is a mixture of quantitative praisal drilling program was set by the EPA. This was and qualitative evaluation. The basic methodology is because the EPA: outlined in the following steps. The DNV database was used to determine the frequency with which each type of spill and its potential size could occur.
Apache has been instrumental in the ongoing development of a comprehensive computer model that allows it to pre- dict the chances of oil from a spill coming into contact with the surrounding environment. A stochastic function within OILMAP can be used to determine the range of distances and directions an oil spill from a particular site is likely to travel given the historical wind speed and direction for the area.
Individual spill tra- jectories are projected and these in turn are used to generate the probability of impact of oil to water Fig. This information has a practical usage in terms of The use of the model is a means of providing a best- oil spill contingency planning. The kinds of response estimate assessment of the risk of an oil spill. The evaluation of the public that it could proactively manage and mitigate potential consequences of an oil spill requires fate the risks of its drilling operations.
These precedents included: 4 Develop risk reduction measures. A number of ment process for oil and gas activities. This does not tinued access to potential resources. The Wonnich mean that all projects would automatically be program demonstrated that drilling could occur in allowed in marine parks or marine management sensitive, shallow water marine areas without com- areas.
Individual projects would be assessed against promising public accountability, or marine manage- the environmental sensitivity of the area based on ment and environmental protection objectives. Thanks to the near sensitive resources and within potential multi- people who spent hours ensuring the high quality of the oil spill ple use areas. This has raised the operations stan- model and running the model for project approval: Scott Langtry, dard now expected from industry by government Graeme Hubbert, Brian King and Felicity McAllister.
Australian Petroleum Pro- environmentally responsible manner. The approval for duction and Exploration Association Limited, Canberra. Report of the Marine Parks and Reserves Selection ronmental monitoring and data acquisition. It tested Working Group. Government of Western Australia, Inquiry into petroleum the philosophy and some of the guidelines used by exploration and development in national parks and nature Government in its assessment process, particularly in reserves.
A document prepared by the Bailey Committee, June relation to the distance projects should be from sen- Such projects are not profitable. Concept development is the first step of the multiphase process involved in creating a new product. For any project or product design process, Conceptual design is the very first stage.
The drawings or models are used to describe the proposed product. A set of integrated ideas and concepts are decided in this stage. It evaluates the best design variables and operating conditions to maximize the profit of the organization. Pre-FEED develops the project design basis and places boundaries to constrain and define the concept. This process can be simplified by the following activities:.
FEED or Front End Engineering Design is the most basic engineering conducted after completion of the conceptual design and feasibility study.
At this stage, various studies take place to figure out technical issues and estimate rough investment costs. It avoids significant changes during the EPC Phase. It is essential to maintain close communication with the client. Detailed engineering is a study, which creates every aspect of project development.
Detailed Engineering includes all the studies before the project construction starts. Detail engineering includes. Procurement involves a series of activities and processes by purchase or procurement team.
Such products include raw materials, equipment, machinery, instrument, etc. In the oil and gas industry, procurement plays an important role in ensuring the supply of products, items, and services within budget allocation, ensuring on-time delivery on-site and cost savings without compromising quality and safety. In Procurement, the Procurement cycle lists the key steps in a cyclical order.
This makes an understanding of each procurement step easier. Offsite Fabrication is a process of fabrication and assembly of parts or systems at a location away from the project like a workshop. Offsite fabrication provides a cost-benefit, allowing the assembly of units that would not be able to be fabricated on-site due to cost, tooling, availability of resources, or space restrictions. Nowadays it is at a peak in the industry.
Onsite Fabrication is the fabrication held at the project site. After the offsite fabrication, it is still required to do fabrication work at the site for connecting the different pieces of equipment, pipes, and other systems for the installation purpose.
Construction is the activity of putting different elements, objects together. It should follow a detailed design plan, and the installation drawing to create a structure, equipment, building, etc. One should know the dimensional coordinates of the specific location. It involves clearing, excavating, and leveling of the land.
It also involves other activities associated with the structure, building, and other properties of the plant. Erection is the process of cleaning and preparing the place of the installation of a new machine or equipment. This is the part of the mechanical completion. Installation is the process of assembling the different parts of the system by welding or mechanical joint. The process involves connecting the electrical connections for the creation of a single system.
Mechanical completion: The activities involved in the installation of the equipment and piping system is knows as mechanical completion. It is done to make sure everything is installed as per the drawing and after the clearance of this stage commissioning and testing occurs.
Pre-Commissioning activities start after the system achieved mechanical completion. Pre-Commissioning activities include cleaning, flushing, drying, leak test, hydro-testing of the equipment, piping system, and other operating systems. Sometimes pre-commissioning activities are included in mechanical completion but this depends again on the contract conditions or the requirement of the project.
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